How to Bill a Client: Step-by-Step Billing Guide

Client billing is the process through which a business issues invoices to clients requesting payment for products delivered or services rendered. It is an essential part of managing cash flow and sustaining a business’s financial health. Effective client billing ensures that payments are made on time, reducing delays and confusion.

Client billing involves creating an invoice that outlines the services or products provided, the amount due, payment terms, and how the payment can be made. This document acts as a formal request for payment and forms the basis for maintaining healthy financial transactions between businesses and their clients.

Why Is Client Billing Important?

Without a proper billing process, companies face challenges such as late payments, cash flow problems, and disputes. A structured billing process helps prevent these issues by clearly communicating payment expectations. It builds trust with clients by demonstrating professionalism and transparency.

In addition, a consistent billing system provides valuable financial records that support tax reporting, auditing, and legal protection if payment disputes arise. It also simplifies tracking income and outstanding payments, allowing businesses to manage their finances better.

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Choosing the Right Invoicing System

Document Templates

One of the simplest ways to bill clients is by using document templates. These templates can be found in formats such as PDF, Word, Excel, or Google Docs and Sheets. They typically include fields for invoice number, date, client information, service details, and payment terms.

While easy to use, document templates require manual data entry, which increases the risk of human error. Mistakes such as incorrect amounts or missing information can delay payment and damage client relationships.

Billing and Invoicing Software

Billing and invoicing software solutions automate much of the billing process, reducing errors and saving time. These platforms allow users to create invoices quickly, send them electronically, track payments, and generate reports.

Though these tools often require an investment, they are beneficial for mid-size businesses or those with many clients. Automation helps maintain accuracy, professionalism, and timely payment reminders.

Time Billing Software

For professionals who charge by the hour, time billing software is a perfect fit. This type of software tracks the time spent on specific tasks or projects and generates invoices based on hourly rates.

Time billing software is especially useful for freelancers, consultants, and agencies. It ensures accurate billing by capturing billable hours automatically and helps clients understand how charges are calculated.

Designing a Custom Invoice Template

Why Customize Your Invoice?

A well-designed invoice is more than just a payment request; it is a reflection of your brand’s professionalism. Customizing your invoice template ensures it fits your business style and provides all necessary details clearly and effectively.

Essential Elements to Include

When creating a custom invoice, include the following information:

  • Invoice number: A unique identifier for each invoice to help track payments.
  • Invoice date: The date the invoice is issued.
  • Currency: Especially important for international clients to avoid confusion.
  • Purchase order (PO) number: If applicable, this links the invoice to the client’s purchase order.
  • Company information: Your business name, address, and contact details.
  • Client information: The name, address, and contact details of the client.
  • Description of services or products: A clear breakdown of what is being billed.
  • Payment terms: Clear conditions under which payment should be made.
  • Authorized signature: Optional, but adds a formal touch.

Visual Customization

Modify the layout, colors, and fonts to align with your brand identity. Including your company logo helps reinforce brand recognition. A clean, easy-to-read layout encourages prompt payment by making the invoice simple to understand.

Creating an Accurate Invoice

Filling in the Details

When preparing an invoice, accuracy is crucial. Double-check that every field is completed correctly to avoid confusion or disputes.

  • The invoice number should be sequential and unique.
  • The invoice date must reflect the day the invoice is issued.
  • Currency should match the client’s country or contract agreement.
  • PO numbers, if required by the client, must be included.
  • Company and client addresses should be up to date.
  • Descriptions should be clear and concise, outlining each service or product separately.
  • Costs should be broken down and totals calculated correctly.
  • Payment terms need to specify the payment window clearly, such as net 15, net 30, or upon receipt.

Understanding Payment Terms

Payment terms are the rules that define when and how payment is expected. Common terms include:

  • Net 15: Payment due within 15 calendar days from the invoice date.
  • Net 30: Payment due within 30 calendar days.
  • Upon Receipt, Payment is expected immediately when the client receives the invoice.

Make sure to explain the payment terms clearly so clients know when to pay and avoid confusion.

Additional Invoice Considerations

For international billing, consider adding:

  • Tax identification numbers (such as VAT or GST) if applicable.
  • Any applicable taxes or duties are separated on the invoice.
  • Notes about late payment penalties or early payment discounts.
  • Accepted payment methods.

Sending the Invoice Efficiently

Choosing the Delivery Method

Invoices can be sent through various channels depending on the client’s preference:

  • Email: The most common and convenient method, allowing quick delivery and easy record-keeping.
  • Postal mail: Useful for clients who require hard copies or where electronic communication is limited.
  • Hand delivery: Suitable for local clients or situations requiring a personal touch.

Timing Is Key

Send invoices promptly after delivering a service or product. Delays in sending invoices often lead to delays in payment. Automating invoice sending can ensure invoices go out immediately without manual intervention.

Exploring Various Client Billing Methods and Their Impact on Business

Understanding Different Billing Models

When it comes to client billing, businesses have several methods to choose from, each suited to different industries and project types. Selecting the right billing model can significantly affect client satisfaction, cash flow stability, and administrative workload. Here are some of the most common billing models:

Fixed Price Billing

Fixed price billing involves charging a predetermined, agreed-upon amount for a project or service, regardless of how much time or resources it takes to complete. This model works well for projects with clearly defined deliverables and timelines.

Advantages of fixed price billing include predictable costs for clients and straightforward invoicing. However, if the scope of work changes or takes longer than expected, the provider might face reduced profitability unless a change order or amendment is agreed upon.

Hourly Billing

Hourly billing charges clients based on the actual time spent working on their project or service. This is common among freelancers, consultants, and service providers who perform tasks that vary in scope and duration.

Hourly billing offers flexibility and ensures providers are compensated fairly for the time invested. Accurate time tracking is essential, and clients usually appreciate transparent reporting of hours worked.

Retainer Billing

Retainer billing involves clients paying a fixed fee upfront for access to services over a set period, such as monthly or quarterly. This model is popular for ongoing advisory or consulting relationships.

Retainer billing provides predictable income for providers and simplifies cash flow management. Clients benefit from guaranteed access to services without worrying about individual invoice payments for each task.

Milestone Billing

Milestone billing breaks payments into stages tied to project deliverables or phases. Clients pay upon completion of each milestone, which helps manage cash flow for both parties.

This approach reduces risk for clients by ensuring payments correspond to progress. It requires clear communication and documentation of project milestones and acceptance criteria.

Benefits and Challenges of Each Billing Model

Each billing method has strengths and potential drawbacks:

  • Fixed price billing offers predictability but may require strict scope control to avoid losses.
  • Hourly billing is flexible but demands detailed time tracking and can lead to disputes over billable hours.
  • Retainers provide steady revenue but might leave providers underutilized if clients don’t fully use the allotted services.
  • Milestone billing aligns payments with progress but adds administrative complexity in tracking and invoicing each stage.

Businesses should assess their service types, client expectations, and internal capabilities before selecting a billing model.

Leveraging Technology in Client Billing

The Rise of Automated Billing Systems

Manual invoicing and billing can be tedious and error-prone, especially as businesses grow. Automated billing systems have revolutionized how companies handle client payments by streamlining and securing the billing process.

Modern billing software often includes features like:

  • Invoice generation with customizable templates
  • Automatic calculation of taxes, discounts, and totals
  • Scheduled invoice delivery via email or client portals
  • Payment tracking and reminders for overdue invoices
  • Integration with accounting and payment platforms

Automation minimizes human error, accelerates cash flow, and improves the client experience by making invoices clear and easy to pay.

Cloud-Based Billing Solutions

Cloud-based billing platforms offer additional benefits by allowing access from anywhere with internet connectivity. They support collaboration among team members and clients and provide real-time data updates.

With cloud billing, businesses can:

  • Update invoices instantly
  • Track payments across multiple devices
  • Provide clients with self-service portals to view and pay invoices.
  • Benefit from enhanced security and backups managed by providers

This flexibility is especially valuable for businesses with remote teams or international clients.

Mobile Billing Applications

Mobile billing apps enable professionals to create and send invoices directly from smartphones or tablets. This is ideal for freelancers and small businesses who are often on the go.

Features commonly found in mobile billing apps include:

  • Quick invoice creation with preloaded client information
  • Photo attachment for receipts or work verification
  • Push notifications for payment status.
  • Expense tracking and reporting

Mobile billing ensures no invoice is delayed due to a lack of access to a desktop or office environment.

International Billing: Navigating Complexity

Challenges of Cross-Border Invoicing

Billing international clients introduces complexities such as currency conversions, tax regulations, and compliance with multiple legal systems. Businesses must adapt their invoices to meet these requirements to avoid delays or disputes.

Key challenges include:

  • Currency fluctuations are impacting payment amounts
  • Different tax regimes like VAT, GST, or sales tax
  • Language barriers requiring multilingual invoices
  • Varying invoicing standards and mandatory information by country

Failing to address these challenges can result in payment delays, additional fees, or legal complications.

Best Practices for International Invoicing

To ensure smooth international transactions, consider the following strategies:

  • Specify currency clearly and use stable exchange rates or clauses for adjustments
  • Include tax registration numbers and comply with the cliecountry’stry tax laws.
  • Use professional translation or multilingual templates when needed.
  • Understand and comply with electronic invoicing mandates in certain countries.
  • Clearly outline payment terms, including deadlines, acceptable methods, and late payment penalties..
  • Work with international payment processors that minimize fees and delays

Businesses that invest in international billing expertise build stronger client trust and reduce administrative overhead.

Streamlining Payment Collection

Offering Multiple Payment Methods

Allowing clients to pay using various methods increases the likelihood of prompt payment. Common payment options include:

  • Bank transfers
  • Credit and debit cards
  • Digital wallets such as PayPal, Apple Pay, or Google Pay
  • Checks or money orders for some clients
  • Automated clearing house (ACH) payments

Presenting multiple options accommodates client preferences and geographic differences.

Setting Clear Payment Terms

Clarity around payment deadlines and consequences of late payment helps manage expectations. Include the following in your invoice:

  • Due date is clearly stated in a numeric format
  • Accepted payment methods
  • Information on late fees or interest charges,, if applicable
  • Early payment discounts if offered

Clear terms reduce confusion and provide legal support if enforcement is necessary.

Sending Payment Reminders

Many businesses rely on automated reminders to encourage clients to pay on time. Sending reminders before and after the due date helps maintain steady cash flow without straining client relationships.

Reminder strategies include:

  • Initial reminder a few days before the due date
  • Follow-up reminder immediately after the due date passes
  • Final notice outlining late fees or suspension of service if unpaid

Automation tools can schedule and personalize these reminders efficiently.

Keeping Records and Managing Disputes

The Importance of Accurate Record-Keeping

Proper record-keeping of invoices, payments, and communications is essential for financial management and legal compliance. Organized records help:

  • Track outstanding and paid invoices
  • Prepare accurate financial statements and tax returns.
  • Support audits or disputes with documentation
  • Analyze cash flow and client payment behavior.

Digital invoicing systems often include built-in record-keeping and reporting features.

Handling Client Disputes Professionally

Occasionally, clients may question an invoice or delay payment due to disagreements. Addressing these disputes quickly and professionally is crucial.

Steps to manage disputes include:

  • Review the invoice and supporting documentation for accuracy
  • Communicate with the client to understand their concerns.
  • Provide clarifications or corrections as needed.
  • Negotiate payment plans or settlements if appropriate.
  • Document all communications and agreements

Maintaining a respectful tone and responsiveness helps preserve client relationships even in challenging situations.

Preparing for Tax Season

Aligning Invoices with Tax Requirements

Invoices form the basis for sales tax, VAT, or GST reporting. Properly formatted invoices that comply with tax regulations simplify tax filing and reduce the risk of penalties.

Ensure invoices include:

  • Tax identification numbers for both parties
  • Taxable amounts and tax rates applied.
  • Total amounts including and excluding tax
  • Supporting documentation for deductions or exemptions

Using Billing Data for Tax Reporting

Automated invoicing systems can generate reports summarizing sales, taxes collected, and outstanding amounts. These reports assist with:

  • Filing accurate tax returns
  • Claiming tax credits or refunds
  • Preparing for tax audits

Keeping billing and accounting data aligned reduces end-of-year stress and enhances financial accuracy.

Optimizing Your Invoicing Workflow for Maximum Efficiency

The Critical Role of Workflow Optimization

For many businesses, invoicing is a repetitive yet crucial task that directly affects cash flow and client relationships. An inefficient invoicing process can cause delays, errors, and frustrated clients, which in turn impactrevenue and reputation. Streamlining and optimizing your invoicing workflow is key to reducing administrative burden and accelerating payments.

Workflow optimization means designing and implementing a system that moves an invoice smoothly from creation to payment collection without unnecessary manual steps or bottlenecks.

Mapping Your Current Invoicing Process

The first step in optimizing your invoicing workflow is to understand your existing process in detail. This involves:

  • Identifying each step from project completion or service delivery to invoice generation, sending, payment receipt, and reconciliation.
  • Pinpointing delays or frequent errors, such as missing information, miscalculations, or late follow-ups.
  • Evaluating communication touchpoints with clients during billing.
  • Assessing the tools and technologies currently in use.

Creating a visual flowchart of your current process can help identify inefficiencies and redundant steps that can be eliminated or automated.

Automating Repetitive Tasks

Automation is the cornerstone of invoicing efficiency. Modern billing software can automatically handle many tasks, such as:

  • Generating invoices based on project or contract data
  • Sending invoices to clients at predefined intervals or triggers
  • Calculating taxes, discounts, and totals accurately
  • Sending payment reminders and overdue notices automatically
  • Recording payments and updating accounts receivable

Automation frees staff from mundane tasks, allowing them to focus on higher-value activities like client engagement and financial analysis.

Standardizing Invoice Templates and Data Entry

Using standardized invoice templates ensures consistency and reduces errors. Templates should include all necessary details, such as:

  • Your company name, address, and tax ID
  • Client details and billing address
  • Invoice number and date
  • Detailed line items with descriptions, quantities, and rates
  • Tax information and payment terms

Standardizing data entry, possibly through dropdown menus or prefilled client profiles, reduces manual input mistakes and speeds up invoice creation.

Integrating Invoicing with Other Business Systems

Integration of your invoicing software with other business systems is a powerful way to enhance workflow. Examples include:

  • Accounting software integration: Automatically sync invoices and payments for accurate financial reporting.
  • Project management tools: Create invoices directly from completed tasks or milestones.
  • Customer relationship management (CRM) systems: Pull client information and track billing history within the client profile.
  • Payment gateways: Provide clients with seamless payment options directly from invoices.

Such integrations reduce duplicated effort and help maintain data consistency across systems.

Enhancing Client Communication Around Billing

Transparency Builds Trust

Clear, timely, and transparent communication regarding billing is essential for client satisfaction. This includes:

  • Setting expectations about payment terms and schedules upfront during contract negotiations.
  • Sending invoices promptly with all required details.
  • Providing clients access to a portal where they can view invoice status, payment history, and outstanding balances.
  • Offering explanations for charges or tax calculations when requested.

Transparency reduces confusion and helps clients plan their payments better.

Personalized Invoicing for Better Engagement

Whenever possible, personalize your invoices and communications to reflect your brand and client relationship. This might involve:

  • Including a personalized message thanking the client or referencing the project.
  • Using the client’s preferred language or terminology.
  • Highlighting payment options and due dates.

Personal touches make clients feel valued and improve their responsiveness.

Handling Payment Delays Gracefully

Despite best efforts, payment delays happen. The way you handle these situations can affect ongoing relationships. Best practices include:

  • Sending polite reminders before and after the due date.
  • Offering flexible payment arrangements if clients face cash flow issues.
  • Communicating any late fees or penalties clearly but diplomatically.
  • Escalating issues internally only after several attempts at resolution.

Maintaining professionalism and empathy goes a long way toward resolving payment disputes without damaging goodwill.

Leveraging Analytics to Improve Cash Flow

Tracking Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)

To optimize your billing process and cash flow, it’s important to track relevant KPIs such as:

  • Days Sales Outstanding (DSO): The average number of days it takes to collect payment after issuing an invoice.
  • Invoice aging: Categorizing outstanding invoices by how long they’ve been unpaid (e.g., 30, 60, 90+ days).
  • Collection rate: Percentage of invoices successfully paid on time.
  • Dispute rate: Percentage of invoices that are challenged or require correction.

Analyzing these metrics helps identify problem areas and measure the impact of process improvements.

Using Reports to Identify Trends

Billing software typically includes reporting features that reveal patterns such as:

  • Clients who regularly pay late or dispute invoices.
  • Projects or service types with frequent billing errors or delays.
  • Seasonal fluctuations in payments or invoice volume.

Understanding these trends allows proactive adjustments, such as revising payment terms or improving invoice accuracy for certain clients.

Forecasting Cash Flow

Accurate forecasting based on billing data enables businesses to plan expenses, investments, and growth initiatives confidently. Forecasts consider:

  • Outstanding invoices and their expected payment dates.
  • Recurring revenue from retainers or subscriptions.
  • Anticipated new business and billing cycles.

Automated tools can generate these forecasts dynamically, helping avoid cash crunches.

Expanding Billing Capabilities for Business Growth

Supporting Recurring Billing and Subscriptions

For businesses offering subscription services or ongoing deliverables, recurring billing automates invoice generation and payment collection at regular intervals.

Benefits include:

  • Predictable revenue streams.
  • Reduced administrative overhead.
  • Improved customer retention through hassle-free billing.

Flexible recurring billing supports different plans, trial periods, and upgrades, adapting as your offerings evolve.

Multi-Currency and Multi-Language Invoicing

Expanding internationally requires billing systems that support multiple currencies and languages. Features to look for include:

  • Real-time currency conversion rates.
  • Localized invoice templates compliant with regional tax laws.
  • Multilingual support for client communication and documentation.

These capabilities remove friction for international clients and open new markets.

Incorporating Electronic Payment Methods

Accepting electronic payments like credit cards, ACH transfers, and digital wallets accelerates payment receipt and reduces the risk of lost checks or delayed bank processing.

Look for billing solutions that integrate with popular payment gateways and offer:

  • PCI compliance for security.
  • Mobile payment compatibility.
  • Transparent fee structures.

Faster payments improve cash flow and reduce the need for follow-up.

Preparing Your Business for the Future of Invoicing

Adapting to Emerging Technologies

Technology trends that will shape invoicing and billing include:

  • Artificial Intelligence (AI): Automating dispute resolution, anomaly detection, and payment predictions.
  • Blockchain: Enhancing invoice authenticity, traceability, and reducing fraud.
  • API-driven ecosystems: Enabling seamless integration of invoicing with diverse business applications.

Staying informed about these innovations can provide a competitive advantage.

Emphasizing Security and Compliance

With sensitive financial data involved, protecting invoices and payment information is paramount. Ensure your invoicing process includes:

  • Data encryption both in transit and at rest.
  • Role-based access control to restrict sensitive information.
  • Compliance with regulations such as GDPR, PCI DSS, and local data privacy laws.
  • Regular audits and software updates.

A secure billing environment builds client confidence and mitigates risks.

Fostering Continuous Improvement

Finally, billing workflows should never remain static. Regularly review your processes, seek client feedback, and adopt best practices. Continuous improvement leads to:

  • Faster invoice cycles.
  • Reduced errors and disputes.
  • Better client relationships.
  • Stronger financial health.

Building a culture of efficiency and adaptability prepares your business for sustainable growth.

Embracing Digital Transformation for Global Billing

The global business environment is evolving at a rapid pace, with digital transformation driving new ways of managing financial operations. Businesses expanding across borders must not only manage complex tax rules but also adapt to changing technologies that streamline invoicing and payment processes.

Digital transformation involves adopting tools and workflows that automate, integrate, and simplify operations to reduce errors, accelerate cash flow, and enhance client experience. Leveraging cloud-based invoicing platforms that support real-time collaboration, multi-currency billing, and tax compliance is becoming essential.

Enhancing Cross-Border Tax Compliance Through Technology

International tax regulations vary widely and are constantly updated by governments worldwide to curb tax evasion and increase transparency. Staying compliant requires access to up-to-date information and flexible tools that adapt to new rules quickly.

Modern invoicing solutions increasingly incorporate automatic tax rule updates, helping businesses calculate VAT, GST, withholding taxes, and customs duties accurately without manual intervention. Features such as tax jurisdiction detection based on client location and automated tax form generation reduce compliance risks.

Adapting to the Rise of Digital Taxes

As countries implement digital services taxes and e-commerce-specific VAT regimes, businesses must adapt their invoicing and tax reporting accordingly. Digital taxes can apply to cross-border sales of digital goods, software, and services, requiring careful classification and documentation.

Using invoicing platforms with built-in support for these evolving tax regimes simplifies tax reporting and reduces the risk of audits or penalties.

Leveraging Artificial Intelligence for Smarter Invoicing

Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming financial workflows by enabling intelligent automation. AI-powered invoicing tools can:

  • Detect anomalies or discrepancies in invoices before sending.
  • Suggest optimal payment terms based on client payment history.
  • Automate dispute resolution by analyzing communication patterns.
  • Predict cash flow trends to support financial planning.

Incorporating AI into your billing workflow can lead to faster payments, fewer errors, and improved financial forecasting.

Strengthening Cybersecurity Measures in Billing Operations

With increasing digitalization comes heightened cybersecurity risks. Financial data, including invoices and payment details, is are prime target for cyberattacks such as phishing, ransomware, and data breaches.

To protect sensitive information, businesses should implement robust cybersecurity measures, including:

  • Multi-factor authentication for accessing invoicing systems.
  • Encryption of data both in transit and at rest.
  • Regular software updates and security audits.
  • Employee training on recognizing cyber threats.

Maintaining a secure billing environment safeguards client trust and business reputation.

Expanding Payment Options to Meet Global Client Expectations

Clients today expect diverse, flexible payment options tailored to their preferences and local standards. Providing a range of payment methods—credit cards, bank transfers, e-wallets, and cryptocurrencies—can reduce friction and speed up collections.

Integrating payment gateways that support global payment networks and comply with local regulations ensures seamless transactions and simplifies reconciliation.

Utilizing Data Analytics for Strategic Growth

Beyond operational efficiency, invoicing data offers valuable insights for strategic decision-making. Analyzing billing patterns can reveal:

  • High-value clients and sectors for targeted marketing.
  • Products or services with the highest profitability.
  • Seasonal or geographic trends affecting sales cycles.
  • Opportunities to streamline pricing or discount strategies.

Data-driven decisions help optimize revenue and identify new growth avenues.

Building Scalable Invoicing Processes for Business Expansion

As your business grows, your invoicing system must scale to handle increased volume, complexity, and geographic reach without compromising accuracy or speed.

Key considerations include:

  • Automating invoice creation for recurring and one-off transactions.
  • Managing multiple subsidiaries or brands within one platform.
  • Supporting complex pricing models such as tiered rates or bundled services.
  • Facilitating collaboration across departments and external partners.

A scalable invoicing infrastructure supports seamless growth without added administrative overhead.

Training and Empowering Your Finance Team

Even the best technology requires skilled professionals to maximize its benefits. Investing in ongoing training for your finance team ensures they remain proficient with invoicing tools, understand international tax nuances, and can troubleshoot issues effectively.

Empowered employees contribute to smoother operations and can proactively suggest process improvements.

Collaborating with Tax and Legal Experts

Given the intricacies of international tax laws, regular consultation with tax advisors and legal experts is vital. They provide guidance on:

  • Structuring contracts and invoices for compliance.
  • Navigating tax treaties and double taxation agreements.
  • Managing audits or disputes with tax authorities.
  • Planning tax-efficient business models.

Collaboration between your finance team and experts ensures risk mitigation and informed decision-making.

Fostering Client Relationships Through Billing Excellence

Exceptional invoicing processes also enhance client satisfaction by providing clarity, convenience, and professionalism. Timely, accurate, and transparent billing builds trust and encourages prompt payments.

Consider:

  • Offering client portals for invoice review and payment tracking.
  • Providing detailed statements and payment receipts.
  • Responding quickly to billing inquiries.
  • Personalizing communication to reinforce relationships.

Billing excellence becomes a differentiator that supports long-term partnerships.

Looking Ahead: Preparing for Regulatory Changes

Tax laws and invoicing regulations are dynamic, especially in the international arena. Businesses should proactively monitor regulatory developments in key markets and adapt their processes accordingly.

Implementing flexible invoicing software that can accommodate future requirements, such as new tax codes, e-invoicing mandates, or reporting formats, ensures resilience and compliance.

Final Thoughts:

Simplifying international taxes and invoicing is not just about adopting software but about harmonizing technology, strategic planning, and human expertise.

By:

  • Leveraging automation and AI,
  • Maintaining rigorous compliance,
  • Embracing cybersecurity,
  • Expanding payment and reporting capabilities,
  • Empowering teams and collaborating with experts,

Your business can build a robust, scalable, and future-ready invoicing ecosystem that supports sustainable global growth.